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blender/intern/cycles/kernel/kernel_path_branched.h
Lukas Stockner 23c276832b Cycles: Add multi-scattering, energy-conserving GGX as an option to the Glossy, Anisotropic and Glass BSDFs 
This commit adds a new distribution to the Glossy, Anisotropic and Glass BSDFs that implements the
multiple-scattering microfacet model described in the paper "Multiple-Scattering Microfacet BSDFs with the Smith Model".

Essentially, the improvement is that unlike classical GGX, which only models single scattering and assumes
the contribution of multiple bounces to be zero, this new model performs a random walk on the microsurface until
the ray leaves it again, which ensures perfect energy conservation.

In practise, this means that the "darkening problem" - GGX materials becoming darker with increasing
roughness - is solved in a physically correct and efficient way.

The downside of this model is that it has no (known) analytic expression for evalation. However, it can be
evaluated stochastically, and although the correct PDF isn't known either, the properties of MIS and the
balance heuristic guarantee an unbiased result at the cost of slightly higher noise.

Reviewers: dingto, #cycles, brecht

Reviewed By: dingto, #cycles, brecht

Subscribers: bliblubli, ace_dragon, gregzaal, brecht, harvester, dingto, marcog, swerner, jtheninja, Blendify, nutel

Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D2002
2016-06-23 22:57:26 +02:00

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/*
* Copyright 2011-2013 Blender Foundation
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
CCL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
#ifdef __BRANCHED_PATH__
ccl_device void kernel_branched_path_ao(KernelGlobals *kg,
ShaderData *sd,
ShaderData *emission_sd,
PathRadiance *L,
PathState *state,
RNG *rng,
float3 throughput)
{
int num_samples = kernel_data.integrator.ao_samples;
float num_samples_inv = 1.0f/num_samples;
float ao_factor = kernel_data.background.ao_factor;
float3 ao_N;
float3 ao_bsdf = shader_bsdf_ao(kg, sd, ao_factor, &ao_N);
float3 ao_alpha = shader_bsdf_alpha(kg, sd);
for(int j = 0; j < num_samples; j++) {
float bsdf_u, bsdf_v;
path_branched_rng_2D(kg, rng, state, j, num_samples, PRNG_BSDF_U, &bsdf_u, &bsdf_v);
float3 ao_D;
float ao_pdf;
sample_cos_hemisphere(ao_N, bsdf_u, bsdf_v, &ao_D, &ao_pdf);
if(dot(ccl_fetch(sd, Ng), ao_D) > 0.0f && ao_pdf != 0.0f) {
Ray light_ray;
float3 ao_shadow;
light_ray.P = ray_offset(ccl_fetch(sd, P), ccl_fetch(sd, Ng));
light_ray.D = ao_D;
light_ray.t = kernel_data.background.ao_distance;
#ifdef __OBJECT_MOTION__
light_ray.time = ccl_fetch(sd, time);
#endif
light_ray.dP = ccl_fetch(sd, dP);
light_ray.dD = differential3_zero();
if(!shadow_blocked(kg, emission_sd, state, &light_ray, &ao_shadow))
path_radiance_accum_ao(L, throughput*num_samples_inv, ao_alpha, ao_bsdf, ao_shadow, state->bounce);
}
}
}
/* bounce off surface and integrate indirect light */
ccl_device_noinline void kernel_branched_path_surface_indirect_light(KernelGlobals *kg,
RNG *rng, ShaderData *sd, ShaderData *indirect_sd, ShaderData *emission_sd,
float3 throughput, float num_samples_adjust, PathState *state, PathRadiance *L)
{
for(int i = 0; i < ccl_fetch(sd, num_closure); i++) {
const ShaderClosure *sc = &ccl_fetch(sd, closure)[i];
if(!CLOSURE_IS_BSDF(sc->type))
continue;
/* transparency is not handled here, but in outer loop */
if(sc->type == CLOSURE_BSDF_TRANSPARENT_ID)
continue;
int num_samples;
if(CLOSURE_IS_BSDF_DIFFUSE(sc->type))
num_samples = kernel_data.integrator.diffuse_samples;
else if(CLOSURE_IS_BSDF_BSSRDF(sc->type))
num_samples = 1;
else if(CLOSURE_IS_BSDF_GLOSSY(sc->type))
num_samples = kernel_data.integrator.glossy_samples;
else
num_samples = kernel_data.integrator.transmission_samples;
num_samples = ceil_to_int(num_samples_adjust*num_samples);
float num_samples_inv = num_samples_adjust/num_samples;
RNG bsdf_rng = cmj_hash(*rng, i);
for(int j = 0; j < num_samples; j++) {
PathState ps = *state;
float3 tp = throughput;
Ray bsdf_ray;
if(!kernel_branched_path_surface_bounce(kg,
&bsdf_rng,
sd,
sc,
j,
num_samples,
&tp,
&ps,
L,
&bsdf_ray))
{
continue;
}
kernel_path_indirect(kg,
indirect_sd,
emission_sd,
rng,
&bsdf_ray,
tp*num_samples_inv,
num_samples,
&ps,
L);
/* for render passes, sum and reset indirect light pass variables
* for the next samples */
path_radiance_sum_indirect(L);
path_radiance_reset_indirect(L);
}
}
}
#ifdef __SUBSURFACE__
ccl_device void kernel_branched_path_subsurface_scatter(KernelGlobals *kg,
ShaderData *sd,
ShaderData *indirect_sd,
ShaderData *emission_sd,
PathRadiance *L,
PathState *state,
RNG *rng,
Ray *ray,
float3 throughput)
{
for(int i = 0; i < ccl_fetch(sd, num_closure); i++) {
ShaderClosure *sc = &ccl_fetch(sd, closure)[i];
if(!CLOSURE_IS_BSSRDF(sc->type))
continue;
/* set up random number generator */
uint lcg_state = lcg_state_init(rng, state, 0x68bc21eb);
int num_samples = kernel_data.integrator.subsurface_samples;
float num_samples_inv = 1.0f/num_samples;
RNG bssrdf_rng = cmj_hash(*rng, i);
/* do subsurface scatter step with copy of shader data, this will
* replace the BSSRDF with a diffuse BSDF closure */
for(int j = 0; j < num_samples; j++) {
SubsurfaceIntersection ss_isect;
float bssrdf_u, bssrdf_v;
path_branched_rng_2D(kg, &bssrdf_rng, state, j, num_samples, PRNG_BSDF_U, &bssrdf_u, &bssrdf_v);
int num_hits = subsurface_scatter_multi_intersect(kg,
&ss_isect,
sd,
sc,
&lcg_state,
bssrdf_u, bssrdf_v,
true);
#ifdef __VOLUME__
Ray volume_ray = *ray;
bool need_update_volume_stack = kernel_data.integrator.use_volumes &&
ccl_fetch(sd, flag) & SD_OBJECT_INTERSECTS_VOLUME;
#endif
/* compute lighting with the BSDF closure */
for(int hit = 0; hit < num_hits; hit++) {
ShaderData bssrdf_sd = *sd;
subsurface_scatter_multi_setup(kg,
&ss_isect,
hit,
&bssrdf_sd,
state,
state->flag,
sc,
true);
PathState hit_state = *state;
path_state_branch(&hit_state, j, num_samples);
#ifdef __VOLUME__
if(need_update_volume_stack) {
/* Setup ray from previous surface point to the new one. */
float3 P = ray_offset(bssrdf_sd.P, -bssrdf_sd.Ng);
volume_ray.D = normalize_len(P - volume_ray.P,
&volume_ray.t);
kernel_volume_stack_update_for_subsurface(
kg,
emission_sd,
&volume_ray,
hit_state.volume_stack);
}
#endif
#ifdef __EMISSION__
/* direct light */
if(kernel_data.integrator.use_direct_light) {
int all = kernel_data.integrator.sample_all_lights_direct;
kernel_branched_path_surface_connect_light(
kg,
rng,
&bssrdf_sd,
emission_sd,
&hit_state,
throughput,
num_samples_inv,
L,
all);
}
#endif
/* indirect light */
kernel_branched_path_surface_indirect_light(
kg,
rng,
&bssrdf_sd,
indirect_sd,
emission_sd,
throughput,
num_samples_inv,
&hit_state,
L);
}
}
}
}
#endif
ccl_device float4 kernel_branched_path_integrate(KernelGlobals *kg, RNG *rng, int sample, Ray ray, ccl_global float *buffer)
{
/* initialize */
PathRadiance L;
float3 throughput = make_float3(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
float L_transparent = 0.0f;
path_radiance_init(&L, kernel_data.film.use_light_pass);
/* shader data memory used for both volumes and surfaces, saves stack space */
ShaderData sd;
/* shader data used by emission, shadows, volume stacks, indirect path */
ShaderData emission_sd, indirect_sd;
PathState state;
path_state_init(kg, &emission_sd, &state, rng, sample, &ray);
#ifdef __KERNEL_DEBUG__
DebugData debug_data;
debug_data_init(&debug_data);
#endif
/* Main Loop
* Here we only handle transparency intersections from the camera ray.
* Indirect bounces are handled in kernel_branched_path_surface_indirect_light().
*/
for(;;) {
/* intersect scene */
Intersection isect;
uint visibility = path_state_ray_visibility(kg, &state);
#ifdef __HAIR__
float difl = 0.0f, extmax = 0.0f;
uint lcg_state = 0;
if(kernel_data.bvh.have_curves) {
if(kernel_data.cam.resolution == 1) {
float3 pixdiff = ray.dD.dx + ray.dD.dy;
/*pixdiff = pixdiff - dot(pixdiff, ray.D)*ray.D;*/
difl = kernel_data.curve.minimum_width * len(pixdiff) * 0.5f;
}
extmax = kernel_data.curve.maximum_width;
lcg_state = lcg_state_init(rng, &state, 0x51633e2d);
}
bool hit = scene_intersect(kg, &ray, visibility, &isect, &lcg_state, difl, extmax);
#else
bool hit = scene_intersect(kg, &ray, visibility, &isect, NULL, 0.0f, 0.0f);
#endif
#ifdef __KERNEL_DEBUG__
debug_data.num_bvh_traversal_steps += isect.num_traversal_steps;
debug_data.num_bvh_traversed_instances += isect.num_traversed_instances;
debug_data.num_ray_bounces++;
#endif
#ifdef __VOLUME__
/* volume attenuation, emission, scatter */
if(state.volume_stack[0].shader != SHADER_NONE) {
Ray volume_ray = ray;
volume_ray.t = (hit)? isect.t: FLT_MAX;
bool heterogeneous = volume_stack_is_heterogeneous(kg, state.volume_stack);
#ifdef __VOLUME_DECOUPLED__
/* decoupled ray marching only supported on CPU */
/* cache steps along volume for repeated sampling */
VolumeSegment volume_segment;
shader_setup_from_volume(kg, &sd, &volume_ray);
kernel_volume_decoupled_record(kg, &state,
&volume_ray, &sd, &volume_segment, heterogeneous);
/* direct light sampling */
if(volume_segment.closure_flag & SD_SCATTER) {
volume_segment.sampling_method = volume_stack_sampling_method(kg, state.volume_stack);
int all = kernel_data.integrator.sample_all_lights_direct;
kernel_branched_path_volume_connect_light(kg, rng, &sd,
&emission_sd, throughput, &state, &L, all,
&volume_ray, &volume_segment);
/* indirect light sampling */
int num_samples = kernel_data.integrator.volume_samples;
float num_samples_inv = 1.0f/num_samples;
for(int j = 0; j < num_samples; j++) {
/* workaround to fix correlation bug in T38710, can find better solution
* in random number generator later, for now this is done here to not impact
* performance of rendering without volumes */
RNG tmp_rng = cmj_hash(*rng, state.rng_offset);
PathState ps = state;
Ray pray = ray;
float3 tp = throughput;
/* branch RNG state */
path_state_branch(&ps, j, num_samples);
/* scatter sample. if we use distance sampling and take just one
* sample for direct and indirect light, we could share this
* computation, but makes code a bit complex */
float rphase = path_state_rng_1D_for_decision(kg, &tmp_rng, &ps, PRNG_PHASE);
float rscatter = path_state_rng_1D_for_decision(kg, &tmp_rng, &ps, PRNG_SCATTER_DISTANCE);
VolumeIntegrateResult result = kernel_volume_decoupled_scatter(kg,
&ps, &pray, &sd, &tp, rphase, rscatter, &volume_segment, NULL, false);
(void)result;
kernel_assert(result == VOLUME_PATH_SCATTERED);
if(kernel_path_volume_bounce(kg,
rng,
&sd,
&tp,
&ps,
&L,
&pray))
{
kernel_path_indirect(kg,
&indirect_sd,
&emission_sd,
rng,
&pray,
tp*num_samples_inv,
num_samples,
&ps,
&L);
/* for render passes, sum and reset indirect light pass variables
* for the next samples */
path_radiance_sum_indirect(&L);
path_radiance_reset_indirect(&L);
}
}
}
/* emission and transmittance */
if(volume_segment.closure_flag & SD_EMISSION)
path_radiance_accum_emission(&L, throughput, volume_segment.accum_emission, state.bounce);
throughput *= volume_segment.accum_transmittance;
/* free cached steps */
kernel_volume_decoupled_free(kg, &volume_segment);
#else
/* GPU: no decoupled ray marching, scatter probalistically */
int num_samples = kernel_data.integrator.volume_samples;
float num_samples_inv = 1.0f/num_samples;
/* todo: we should cache the shader evaluations from stepping
* through the volume, for now we redo them multiple times */
for(int j = 0; j < num_samples; j++) {
PathState ps = state;
Ray pray = ray;
float3 tp = throughput * num_samples_inv;
/* branch RNG state */
path_state_branch(&ps, j, num_samples);
VolumeIntegrateResult result = kernel_volume_integrate(
kg, &ps, &sd, &volume_ray, &L, &tp, rng, heterogeneous);
#ifdef __VOLUME_SCATTER__
if(result == VOLUME_PATH_SCATTERED) {
/* todo: support equiangular, MIS and all light sampling.
* alternatively get decoupled ray marching working on the GPU */
kernel_path_volume_connect_light(kg, rng, &sd, &emission_sd, tp, &state, &L);
if(kernel_path_volume_bounce(kg,
rng,
&sd,
&tp,
&ps,
&L,
&pray))
{
kernel_path_indirect(kg,
&indirect_sd,
&emission_sd,
rng,
&pray,
tp,
num_samples,
&ps,
&L);
/* for render passes, sum and reset indirect light pass variables
* for the next samples */
path_radiance_sum_indirect(&L);
path_radiance_reset_indirect(&L);
}
}
#endif
}
/* todo: avoid this calculation using decoupled ray marching */
kernel_volume_shadow(kg, &emission_sd, &state, &volume_ray, &throughput);
#endif
}
#endif
if(!hit) {
/* eval background shader if nothing hit */
if(kernel_data.background.transparent) {
L_transparent += average(throughput);
#ifdef __PASSES__
if(!(kernel_data.film.pass_flag & PASS_BACKGROUND))
#endif
break;
}
#ifdef __BACKGROUND__
/* sample background shader */
float3 L_background = indirect_background(kg, &emission_sd, &state, &ray);
path_radiance_accum_background(&L, throughput, L_background, state.bounce);
#endif
break;
}
/* setup shading */
shader_setup_from_ray(kg, &sd, &isect, &ray);
shader_eval_surface(kg, &sd, rng, &state, 0.0f, state.flag, SHADER_CONTEXT_MAIN);
shader_merge_closures(&sd);
/* holdout */
#ifdef __HOLDOUT__
if(sd.flag & (SD_HOLDOUT|SD_HOLDOUT_MASK)) {
if(kernel_data.background.transparent) {
float3 holdout_weight;
if(sd.flag & SD_HOLDOUT_MASK)
holdout_weight = make_float3(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
else
holdout_weight = shader_holdout_eval(kg, &sd);
/* any throughput is ok, should all be identical here */
L_transparent += average(holdout_weight*throughput);
}
if(sd.flag & SD_HOLDOUT_MASK)
break;
}
#endif
/* holdout mask objects do not write data passes */
kernel_write_data_passes(kg, buffer, &L, &sd, sample, &state, throughput);
#ifdef __EMISSION__
/* emission */
if(sd.flag & SD_EMISSION) {
float3 emission = indirect_primitive_emission(kg, &sd, isect.t, state.flag, state.ray_pdf);
path_radiance_accum_emission(&L, throughput, emission, state.bounce);
}
#endif
/* transparency termination */
if(state.flag & PATH_RAY_TRANSPARENT) {
/* path termination. this is a strange place to put the termination, it's
* mainly due to the mixed in MIS that we use. gives too many unneeded
* shader evaluations, only need emission if we are going to terminate */
float probability = path_state_terminate_probability(kg, &state, throughput);
if(probability == 0.0f) {
break;
}
else if(probability != 1.0f) {
float terminate = path_state_rng_1D_for_decision(kg, rng, &state, PRNG_TERMINATE);
if(terminate >= probability)
break;
throughput /= probability;
}
}
#ifdef __AO__
/* ambient occlusion */
if(kernel_data.integrator.use_ambient_occlusion || (sd.flag & SD_AO)) {
kernel_branched_path_ao(kg, &sd, &emission_sd, &L, &state, rng, throughput);
}
#endif
#ifdef __SUBSURFACE__
/* bssrdf scatter to a different location on the same object */
if(sd.flag & SD_BSSRDF) {
kernel_branched_path_subsurface_scatter(kg, &sd, &indirect_sd, &emission_sd,
&L, &state, rng, &ray, throughput);
}
#endif
if(!(sd.flag & SD_HAS_ONLY_VOLUME)) {
PathState hit_state = state;
#ifdef __EMISSION__
/* direct light */
if(kernel_data.integrator.use_direct_light) {
int all = kernel_data.integrator.sample_all_lights_direct;
kernel_branched_path_surface_connect_light(kg, rng,
&sd, &emission_sd, &hit_state, throughput, 1.0f, &L, all);
}
#endif
/* indirect light */
kernel_branched_path_surface_indirect_light(kg, rng,
&sd, &indirect_sd, &emission_sd, throughput, 1.0f, &hit_state, &L);
/* continue in case of transparency */
throughput *= shader_bsdf_transparency(kg, &sd);
if(is_zero(throughput))
break;
}
/* Update Path State */
state.flag |= PATH_RAY_TRANSPARENT;
state.transparent_bounce++;
ray.P = ray_offset(sd.P, -sd.Ng);
ray.t -= sd.ray_length; /* clipping works through transparent */
#ifdef __RAY_DIFFERENTIALS__
ray.dP = sd.dP;
ray.dD.dx = -sd.dI.dx;
ray.dD.dy = -sd.dI.dy;
#endif
#ifdef __VOLUME__
/* enter/exit volume */
kernel_volume_stack_enter_exit(kg, &sd, state.volume_stack);
#endif
}
float3 L_sum = path_radiance_clamp_and_sum(kg, &L);
kernel_write_light_passes(kg, buffer, &L, sample);
#ifdef __KERNEL_DEBUG__
kernel_write_debug_passes(kg, buffer, &state, &debug_data, sample);
#endif
return make_float4(L_sum.x, L_sum.y, L_sum.z, 1.0f - L_transparent);
}
ccl_device void kernel_branched_path_trace(KernelGlobals *kg,
ccl_global float *buffer, ccl_global uint *rng_state,
int sample, int x, int y, int offset, int stride)
{
/* buffer offset */
int index = offset + x + y*stride;
int pass_stride = kernel_data.film.pass_stride;
rng_state += index;
buffer += index*pass_stride;
/* initialize random numbers and ray */
RNG rng;
Ray ray;
kernel_path_trace_setup(kg, rng_state, sample, x, y, &rng, &ray);
/* integrate */
float4 L;
if(ray.t != 0.0f)
L = kernel_branched_path_integrate(kg, &rng, sample, ray, buffer);
else
L = make_float4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
/* accumulate result in output buffer */
kernel_write_pass_float4(buffer, sample, L);
path_rng_end(kg, rng_state, rng);
}
#endif /* __BRANCHED_PATH__ */
CCL_NAMESPACE_END
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