1021 lines
40 KiB
Markdown
1021 lines
40 KiB
Markdown
# Python
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## User Guide
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### Using Python
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#### Overview
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Several versions of the Python interpreter are available on Nix, as well as a
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high amount of packages. The attribute `python` refers to the default
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interpreter, which is currently CPython 2.7. It is also possible to refer to
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specific versions, e.g. `python35` refers to CPython 3.5, and `pypy` refers to
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the default PyPy interpreter.
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Python is used a lot, and in different ways. This affects also how it is
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packaged. In the case of Python on Nix, an important distinction is made between
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whether the package is considered primarily an application, or whether it should
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be used as a library, i.e., of primary interest are the modules in
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`site-packages` that should be importable.
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In the Nixpkgs tree Python applications can be found throughout, depending on
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what they do, and are called from the main package set. Python libraries,
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however, are in separate sets, with one set per interpreter version.
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The interpreters have several common attributes. One of these attributes is
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`pkgs`, which is a package set of Python libraries for this specific
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interpreter. E.g., the `toolz` package corresponding to the default interpreter
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is `python.pkgs.toolz`, and the CPython 3.5 version is `python35.pkgs.toolz`.
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The main package set contains aliases to these package sets, e.g.
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`pythonPackages` refers to `python.pkgs` and `python35Packages` to
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`python35.pkgs`.
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#### Installing Python and packages
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The Nix and NixOS manuals explain how packages are generally installed. In the
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case of Python and Nix, it is important to make a distinction between whether the
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package is considered an application or a library.
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Applications on Nix are typically installed into your user
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profile imperatively using `nix-env -i`, and on NixOS declaratively by adding the
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package name to `environment.systemPackages` in `/etc/nixos/configuration.nix`.
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Dependencies such as libraries are automatically installed and should not be
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installed explicitly.
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The same goes for Python applications and libraries. Python applications can be
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installed in your profile. But Python libraries you would like to use for
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development cannot be installed, at least not individually, because they won't
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be able to find each other resulting in import errors. Instead, it is possible
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to create an environment with `python.buildEnv` or `python.withPackages` where
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the interpreter and other executables are able to find each other and all of the
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modules.
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In the following examples we create an environment with Python 3.5, `numpy` and
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`toolz`. As you may imagine, there is one limitation here, and that's that
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you can install only one environment at a time. You will notice the complaints
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about collisions when you try to install a second environment.
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##### Environment defined in separate `.nix` file
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Create a file, e.g. `build.nix`, with the following expression
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```nix
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with import <nixpkgs> {};
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python35.withPackages (ps: with ps; [ numpy toolz ])
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```
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and install it in your profile with
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```shell
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nix-env -if build.nix
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```
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Now you can use the Python interpreter, as well as the extra packages (`numpy`,
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`toolz`) that you added to the environment.
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##### Environment defined in `~/.config/nixpkgs/config.nix`
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If you prefer to, you could also add the environment as a package override to the Nixpkgs set, e.g.
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using `config.nix`,
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```nix
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{ # ...
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packageOverrides = pkgs: with pkgs; {
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myEnv = python35.withPackages (ps: with ps; [ numpy toolz ]);
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};
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}
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```
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and install it in your profile with
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```shell
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nix-env -iA nixpkgs.myEnv
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```
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The environment is is installed by referring to the attribute, and considering
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the `nixpkgs` channel was used.
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##### Environment defined in `/etc/nixos/configuration.nix`
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For the sake of completeness, here's another example how to install the environment system-wide.
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```nix
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{ # ...
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environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
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(python35.withPackages(ps: with ps; [ numpy toolz ]))
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];
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}
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```
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#### Temporary Python environment with `nix-shell`
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The examples in the previous section showed how to install a Python environment
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into a profile. For development you may need to use multiple environments.
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`nix-shell` gives the possibility to temporarily load another environment, akin
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to `virtualenv`.
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There are two methods for loading a shell with Python packages. The first and recommended method
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is to create an environment with `python.buildEnv` or `python.withPackages` and load that. E.g.
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```sh
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$ nix-shell -p 'python35.withPackages(ps: with ps; [ numpy toolz ])'
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```
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opens a shell from which you can launch the interpreter
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```sh
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[nix-shell:~] python3
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```
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The other method, which is not recommended, does not create an environment and requires you to list the packages directly,
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```sh
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$ nix-shell -p python35.pkgs.numpy python35.pkgs.toolz
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```
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Again, it is possible to launch the interpreter from the shell.
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The Python interpreter has the attribute `pkgs` which contains all Python libraries for that specific interpreter.
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##### Load environment from `.nix` expression
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As explained in the Nix manual, `nix-shell` can also load an
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expression from a `.nix` file. Say we want to have Python 3.5, `numpy`
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and `toolz`, like before, in an environment. Consider a `shell.nix` file
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with
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```nix
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with import <nixpkgs> {};
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(python35.withPackages (ps: [ps.numpy ps.toolz])).env
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```
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Executing `nix-shell` gives you again a Nix shell from which you can run Python.
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What's happening here?
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1. We begin with importing the Nix Packages collections. `import <nixpkgs>` imports the `<nixpkgs>` function, `{}` calls it and the `with` statement brings all attributes of `nixpkgs` in the local scope. These attributes form the main package set.
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2. Then we create a Python 3.5 environment with the `withPackages` function.
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3. The `withPackages` function expects us to provide a function as an argument that takes the set of all python packages and returns a list of packages to include in the environment. Here, we select the packages `numpy` and `toolz` from the package set.
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##### Execute command with `--run`
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A convenient option with `nix-shell` is the `--run`
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option, with which you can execute a command in the `nix-shell`. We can
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e.g. directly open a Python shell
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```sh
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$ nix-shell -p python35Packages.numpy python35Packages.toolz --run "python3"
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```
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or run a script
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```sh
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$ nix-shell -p python35Packages.numpy python35Packages.toolz --run "python3 myscript.py"
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```
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##### `nix-shell` as shebang
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In fact, for the second use case, there is a more convenient method. You can
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add a [shebang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)) to your script
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specifying which dependencies `nix-shell` needs. With the following shebang, you
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can just execute `./myscript.py`, and it will make available all dependencies and
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run the script in the `python3` shell.
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```py
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#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
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#! nix-shell -i python3 -p "python3.withPackages(ps: [ps.numpy])"
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import numpy
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print(numpy.__version__)
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```
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### Developing with Python
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Now that you know how to get a working Python environment with Nix, it is time
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to go forward and start actually developing with Python. We will first have a
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look at how Python packages are packaged on Nix. Then, we will look at how you
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can use development mode with your code.
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#### Packaging a library
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With Nix all packages are built by functions. The main function in Nix for
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building Python libraries is `buildPythonPackage`. Let's see how we can build the
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`toolz` package.
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```nix
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{ # ...
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toolz = buildPythonPackage rec {
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pname = "toolz";
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version = "0.7.4";
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name = "${pname}-${version}";
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src = fetchPypi {
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inherit pname version;
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sha256 = "43c2c9e5e7a16b6c88ba3088a9bfc82f7db8e13378be7c78d6c14a5f8ed05afd";
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};
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doCheck = false;
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meta = {
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homepage = "http://github.com/pytoolz/toolz/";
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description = "List processing tools and functional utilities";
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license = licenses.bsd3;
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maintainers = with maintainers; [ fridh ];
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};
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};
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}
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```
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What happens here? The function `buildPythonPackage` is called and as argument
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it accepts a set. In this case the set is a recursive set, `rec`. One of the
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arguments is the name of the package, which consists of a basename (generally
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following the name on PyPi) and a version. Another argument, `src` specifies the
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source, which in this case is fetched from PyPI using the helper function
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`fetchPypi`. The argument `doCheck` is used to set whether tests should be run
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when building the package. Furthermore, we specify some (optional) meta
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information. The output of the function is a derivation.
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An expression for `toolz` can be found in the Nixpkgs repository. As explained
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in the introduction of this Python section, a derivation of `toolz` is available
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for each interpreter version, e.g. `python35.pkgs.toolz` refers to the `toolz`
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derivation corresponding to the CPython 3.5 interpreter.
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The above example works when you're directly working on
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`pkgs/top-level/python-packages.nix` in the Nixpkgs repository. Often though,
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you will want to test a Nix expression outside of the Nixpkgs tree.
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The following expression creates a derivation for the `toolz` package,
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and adds it along with a `numpy` package to a Python environment.
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```nix
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with import <nixpkgs> {};
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( let
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my_toolz = python35.pkgs.buildPythonPackage rec {
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pname = "toolz";
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version = "0.7.4";
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name = "${pname}-${version}";
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src = python35.pkgs.fetchPypi {
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inherit pname version;
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sha256 = "43c2c9e5e7a16b6c88ba3088a9bfc82f7db8e13378be7c78d6c14a5f8ed05afd";
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};
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doCheck = false;
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meta = {
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homepage = "http://github.com/pytoolz/toolz/";
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description = "List processing tools and functional utilities";
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};
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};
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in python35.withPackages (ps: [ps.numpy my_toolz])
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).env
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```
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Executing `nix-shell` will result in an environment in which you can use
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Python 3.5 and the `toolz` package. As you can see we had to explicitly mention
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for which Python version we want to build a package.
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So, what did we do here? Well, we took the Nix expression that we used earlier
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to build a Python environment, and said that we wanted to include our own
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version of `toolz`, named `my_toolz`. To introduce our own package in the scope
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of `withPackages` we used a `let` expression. You can see that we used
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`ps.numpy` to select numpy from the nixpkgs package set (`ps`). We did not take
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`toolz` from the Nixpkgs package set this time, but instead took our own version
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that we introduced with the `let` expression.
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#### Handling dependencies
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Our example, `toolz`, does not have any dependencies on other Python
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packages or system libraries. According to the manual, `buildPythonPackage`
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uses the arguments `buildInputs` and `propagatedBuildInputs` to specify dependencies. If something is
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exclusively a build-time dependency, then the dependency should be included as a
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`buildInput`, but if it is (also) a runtime dependency, then it should be added
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to `propagatedBuildInputs`. Test dependencies are considered build-time dependencies.
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The following example shows which arguments are given to `buildPythonPackage` in
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order to build [`datashape`](https://github.com/blaze/datashape).
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```nix
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{ # ...
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datashape = buildPythonPackage rec {
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name = "datashape-${version}";
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version = "0.4.7";
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src = pkgs.fetchurl {
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url = "mirror://pypi/D/DataShape/${name}.tar.gz";
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sha256 = "14b2ef766d4c9652ab813182e866f493475e65e558bed0822e38bf07bba1a278";
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};
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buildInputs = with self; [ pytest ];
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propagatedBuildInputs = with self; [ numpy multipledispatch dateutil ];
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meta = {
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homepage = https://github.com/ContinuumIO/datashape;
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description = "A data description language";
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license = licenses.bsd2;
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maintainers = with maintainers; [ fridh ];
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};
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};
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}
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```
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We can see several runtime dependencies, `numpy`, `multipledispatch`, and
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`dateutil`. Furthermore, we have one `buildInput`, i.e. `pytest`. `pytest` is a
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test runner and is only used during the `checkPhase` and is therefore not added
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to `propagatedBuildInputs`.
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In the previous case we had only dependencies on other Python packages to consider.
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Occasionally you have also system libraries to consider. E.g., `lxml` provides
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Python bindings to `libxml2` and `libxslt`. These libraries are only required
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when building the bindings and are therefore added as `buildInputs`.
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```nix
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{ # ...
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lxml = buildPythonPackage rec {
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name = "lxml-3.4.4";
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src = pkgs.fetchurl {
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url = "mirror://pypi/l/lxml/${name}.tar.gz";
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sha256 = "16a0fa97hym9ysdk3rmqz32xdjqmy4w34ld3rm3jf5viqjx65lxk";
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};
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buildInputs = with self; [ pkgs.libxml2 pkgs.libxslt ];
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meta = {
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description = "Pythonic binding for the libxml2 and libxslt libraries";
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homepage = http://lxml.de;
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license = licenses.bsd3;
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maintainers = with maintainers; [ sjourdois ];
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};
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};
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}
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```
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In this example `lxml` and Nix are able to work out exactly where the relevant
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files of the dependencies are. This is not always the case.
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The example below shows bindings to The Fastest Fourier Transform in the West, commonly known as
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FFTW. On Nix we have separate packages of FFTW for the different types of floats
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(`"single"`, `"double"`, `"long-double"`). The bindings need all three types,
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and therefore we add all three as `buildInputs`. The bindings don't expect to
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find each of them in a different folder, and therefore we have to set `LDFLAGS`
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and `CFLAGS`.
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```nix
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{ # ...
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pyfftw = buildPythonPackage rec {
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name = "pyfftw-${version}";
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version = "0.9.2";
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src = pkgs.fetchurl {
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url = "mirror://pypi/p/pyFFTW/pyFFTW-${version}.tar.gz";
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sha256 = "f6bbb6afa93085409ab24885a1a3cdb8909f095a142f4d49e346f2bd1b789074";
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};
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buildInputs = [ pkgs.fftw pkgs.fftwFloat pkgs.fftwLongDouble];
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propagatedBuildInputs = with self; [ numpy scipy ];
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# Tests cannot import pyfftw. pyfftw works fine though.
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doCheck = false;
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preConfigure = ''
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export LDFLAGS="-L${pkgs.fftw.dev}/lib -L${pkgs.fftwFloat.out}/lib -L${pkgs.fftwLongDouble.out}/lib"
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export CFLAGS="-I${pkgs.fftw.dev}/include -I${pkgs.fftwFloat.dev}/include -I${pkgs.fftwLongDouble.dev}/include"
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'';
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meta = {
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description = "A pythonic wrapper around FFTW, the FFT library, presenting a unified interface for all the supported transforms";
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homepage = http://hgomersall.github.com/pyFFTW/;
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license = with licenses; [ bsd2 bsd3 ];
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maintainer = with maintainers; [ fridh ];
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};
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};
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}
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```
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Note also the line `doCheck = false;`, we explicitly disabled running the test-suite.
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#### Develop local package
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As a Python developer you're likely aware of [development mode](http://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/setuptools.html#development-mode) (`python setup.py develop`);
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instead of installing the package this command creates a special link to the project code.
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That way, you can run updated code without having to reinstall after each and every change you make.
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Development mode is also available. Let's see how you can use it.
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In the previous Nix expression the source was fetched from an url. We can also refer to a local source instead using
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`src = ./path/to/source/tree;`
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If we create a `shell.nix` file which calls `buildPythonPackage`, and if `src`
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is a local source, and if the local source has a `setup.py`, then development
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mode is activated.
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In the following example we create a simple environment that
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has a Python 3.5 version of our package in it, as well as its dependencies and
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other packages we like to have in the environment, all specified with `propagatedBuildInputs`.
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Indeed, we can just add any package we like to have in our environment to `propagatedBuildInputs`.
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```nix
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with import <nixpkgs> {};
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with pkgs.python35Packages;
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buildPythonPackage rec {
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name = "mypackage";
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src = ./path/to/package/source;
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propagatedBuildInputs = [ pytest numpy pkgs.libsndfile ];
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}
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```
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It is important to note that due to how development mode is implemented on Nix it is not possible to have multiple packages simultaneously in development mode.
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### Organising your packages
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So far we discussed how you can use Python on Nix, and how you can develop with
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it. We've looked at how you write expressions to package Python packages, and we
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looked at how you can create environments in which specified packages are
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available.
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At some point you'll likely have multiple packages which you would
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like to be able to use in different projects. In order to minimise unnecessary
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duplication we now look at how you can maintain yourself a repository with your
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own packages. The important functions here are `import` and `callPackage`.
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### Including a derivation using `callPackage`
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Earlier we created a Python environment using `withPackages`, and included the
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`toolz` package via a `let` expression.
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Let's split the package definition from the environment definition.
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We first create a function that builds `toolz` in `~/path/to/toolz/release.nix`
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```nix
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{ pkgs, buildPythonPackage }:
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buildPythonPackage rec {
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name = "toolz-${version}";
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version = "0.7.4";
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src = pkgs.fetchurl {
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url = "mirror://pypi/t/toolz/toolz-${version}.tar.gz";
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sha256 = "43c2c9e5e7a16b6c88ba3088a9bfc82f7db8e13378be7c78d6c14a5f8ed05afd";
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};
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meta = {
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homepage = "http://github.com/pytoolz/toolz/";
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description = "List processing tools and functional utilities";
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license = licenses.bsd3;
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maintainers = with maintainers; [ fridh ];
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};
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}
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```
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It takes two arguments, `pkgs` and `buildPythonPackage`.
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We now call this function using `callPackage` in the definition of our environment
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```nix
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with import <nixpkgs> {};
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( let
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toolz = pkgs.callPackage /path/to/toolz/release.nix {
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pkgs = pkgs;
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buildPythonPackage = pkgs.python35Packages.buildPythonPackage;
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};
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in pkgs.python35.withPackages (ps: [ ps.numpy toolz ])
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||
).env
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Important to remember is that the Python version for which the package is made
|
||
depends on the `python` derivation that is passed to `buildPythonPackage`. Nix
|
||
tries to automatically pass arguments when possible, which is why generally you
|
||
don't explicitly define which `python` derivation should be used. In the above
|
||
example we use `buildPythonPackage` that is part of the set `python35Packages`,
|
||
and in this case the `python35` interpreter is automatically used.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
## Reference
|
||
|
||
### Interpreters
|
||
|
||
Versions 2.7, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6 of the CPython interpreter are available as
|
||
respectively `python27`, `python34`, `python35` and `python36`. The PyPy interpreter
|
||
is available as `pypy`. The aliases `python2` and `python3` correspond to respectively `python27` and
|
||
`python35`. The default interpreter, `python`, maps to `python2`.
|
||
The Nix expressions for the interpreters can be found in
|
||
`pkgs/development/interpreters/python`.
|
||
|
||
All packages depending on any Python interpreter get appended
|
||
`out/{python.sitePackages}` to `$PYTHONPATH` if such directory
|
||
exists.
|
||
|
||
#### Missing `tkinter` module standard library
|
||
|
||
To reduce closure size the `Tkinter`/`tkinter` is available as a separate package, `pythonPackages.tkinter`.
|
||
|
||
#### Attributes on interpreters packages
|
||
|
||
Each interpreter has the following attributes:
|
||
|
||
- `libPrefix`. Name of the folder in `${python}/lib/` for corresponding interpreter.
|
||
- `interpreter`. Alias for `${python}/bin/${executable}`.
|
||
- `buildEnv`. Function to build python interpreter environments with extra packages bundled together. See section *python.buildEnv function* for usage and documentation.
|
||
- `withPackages`. Simpler interface to `buildEnv`. See section *python.withPackages function* for usage and documentation.
|
||
- `sitePackages`. Alias for `lib/${libPrefix}/site-packages`.
|
||
- `executable`. Name of the interpreter executable, e.g. `python3.4`.
|
||
- `pkgs`. Set of Python packages for that specific interpreter. The package set can be modified by overriding the interpreter and passing `packageOverrides`.
|
||
|
||
### Building packages and applications
|
||
|
||
Python libraries and applications that use `setuptools` or
|
||
`distutils` are typically build with respectively the `buildPythonPackage` and
|
||
`buildPythonApplication` functions. These two functions also support installing a `wheel`.
|
||
|
||
All Python packages reside in `pkgs/top-level/python-packages.nix` and all
|
||
applications elsewhere. In case a package is used as both a library and an application,
|
||
then the package should be in `pkgs/top-level/python-packages.nix` since only those packages are made
|
||
available for all interpreter versions. The preferred location for library expressions is in
|
||
`pkgs/development/python-modules`. It is important that these packages are
|
||
called from `pkgs/top-level/python-packages.nix` and not elsewhere, to guarantee
|
||
the right version of the package is built.
|
||
|
||
Based on the packages defined in `pkgs/top-level/python-packages.nix` an
|
||
attribute set is created for each available Python interpreter. The available
|
||
sets are
|
||
|
||
* `pkgs.python27Packages`
|
||
* `pkgs.python34Packages`
|
||
* `pkgs.python35Packages`
|
||
* `pkgs.python36Packages`
|
||
* `pkgs.pypyPackages`
|
||
|
||
and the aliases
|
||
|
||
* `pkgs.python2Packages` pointing to `pkgs.python27Packages`
|
||
* `pkgs.python3Packages` pointing to `pkgs.python36Packages`
|
||
* `pkgs.pythonPackages` pointing to `pkgs.python2Packages`
|
||
|
||
#### `buildPythonPackage` function
|
||
|
||
The `buildPythonPackage` function is implemented in
|
||
`pkgs/development/interpreters/python/build-python-package.nix`
|
||
|
||
The following is an example:
|
||
```nix
|
||
{ # ...
|
||
|
||
twisted = buildPythonPackage {
|
||
name = "twisted-8.1.0";
|
||
|
||
src = pkgs.fetchurl {
|
||
url = http://tmrc.mit.edu/mirror/twisted/Twisted/8.1/Twisted-8.1.0.tar.bz2;
|
||
sha256 = "0q25zbr4xzknaghha72mq57kh53qw1bf8csgp63pm9sfi72qhirl";
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
propagatedBuildInputs = [ self.ZopeInterface ];
|
||
|
||
meta = {
|
||
homepage = http://twistedmatrix.com/;
|
||
description = "Twisted, an event-driven networking engine written in Python";
|
||
license = stdenv.lib.licenses.mit;
|
||
};
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
The `buildPythonPackage` mainly does four things:
|
||
|
||
* In the `buildPhase`, it calls `${python.interpreter} setup.py bdist_wheel` to
|
||
build a wheel binary zipfile.
|
||
* In the `installPhase`, it installs the wheel file using `pip install *.whl`.
|
||
* In the `postFixup` phase, the `wrapPythonPrograms` bash function is called to
|
||
wrap all programs in the `$out/bin/*` directory to include `$PATH`
|
||
environment variable and add dependent libraries to script's `sys.path`.
|
||
* In the `installCheck` phase, `${python.interpreter} setup.py test` is ran.
|
||
|
||
As in Perl, dependencies on other Python packages can be specified in the
|
||
`buildInputs` and `propagatedBuildInputs` attributes. If something is
|
||
exclusively a build-time dependency, use `buildInputs`; if it’s (also) a runtime
|
||
dependency, use `propagatedBuildInputs`.
|
||
|
||
By default tests are run because `doCheck = true`. Test dependencies, like
|
||
e.g. the test runner, should be added to `buildInputs`.
|
||
|
||
By default `meta.platforms` is set to the same value
|
||
as the interpreter unless overridden otherwise.
|
||
|
||
##### `buildPythonPackage` parameters
|
||
|
||
All parameters from `mkDerivation` function are still supported.
|
||
|
||
* `namePrefix`: Prepended text to `${name}` parameter. Defaults to `"python3.3-"` for Python 3.3, etc. Set it to `""` if you're packaging an application or a command line tool.
|
||
* `disabled`: If `true`, package is not build for particular python interpreter version. Grep around `pkgs/top-level/python-packages.nix` for examples.
|
||
* `setupPyBuildFlags`: List of flags passed to `setup.py build_ext` command.
|
||
* `pythonPath`: List of packages to be added into `$PYTHONPATH`. Packages in `pythonPath` are not propagated (contrary to `propagatedBuildInputs`).
|
||
* `preShellHook`: Hook to execute commands before `shellHook`.
|
||
* `postShellHook`: Hook to execute commands after `shellHook`.
|
||
* `makeWrapperArgs`: A list of strings. Arguments to be passed to `makeWrapper`, which wraps generated binaries. By default, the arguments to `makeWrapper` set `PATH` and `PYTHONPATH` environment variables before calling the binary. Additional arguments here can allow a developer to set environment variables which will be available when the binary is run. For example, `makeWrapperArgs = ["--set FOO BAR" "--set BAZ QUX"]`.
|
||
* `installFlags`: A list of strings. Arguments to be passed to `pip install`. To pass options to `python setup.py install`, use `--install-option`. E.g., `installFlags=["--install-option='--cpp_implementation'"].
|
||
* `format`: Format of the source. Valid options are `setuptools` (default), `flit`, `wheel`, and `other`. `setuptools` is for when the source has a `setup.py` and `setuptools` is used to build a wheel, `flit`, in case `flit` should be used to build a wheel, and `wheel` in case a wheel is provided. In case you need to provide your own `buildPhase` and `installPhase` you can use `other`.
|
||
* `catchConflicts` If `true`, abort package build if a package name appears more than once in dependency tree. Default is `true`.
|
||
* `checkInputs` Dependencies needed for running the `checkPhase`. These are added to `buildInputs` when `doCheck = true`.
|
||
|
||
##### Overriding Python packages
|
||
|
||
The `buildPythonPackage` function has a `overridePythonAttrs` method that
|
||
can be used to override the package. In the following example we create an
|
||
environment where we have the `blaze` package using an older version of `pandas`.
|
||
We override first the Python interpreter and pass
|
||
`packageOverrides` which contains the overrides for packages in the package set.
|
||
|
||
```nix
|
||
with import <nixpkgs> {};
|
||
|
||
(let
|
||
python = let
|
||
packageOverrides = self: super: {
|
||
pandas = super.pandas.overridePythonAttrs(old: rec {
|
||
version = "0.19.1";
|
||
name = "pandas-${version}";
|
||
src = super.fetchPypi {
|
||
pname = "pandas";
|
||
inherit version;
|
||
sha256 = "08blshqj9zj1wyjhhw3kl2vas75vhhicvv72flvf1z3jvapgw295";
|
||
};
|
||
});
|
||
};
|
||
in pkgs.python3.override {inherit packageOverrides;};
|
||
|
||
in python.withPackages(ps: [ps.blaze])).env
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
#### `buildPythonApplication` function
|
||
|
||
The `buildPythonApplication` function is practically the same as `buildPythonPackage`.
|
||
The difference is that `buildPythonPackage` by default prefixes the names of the packages with the version of the interpreter.
|
||
Because with an application we're not interested in multiple version the prefix is dropped.
|
||
|
||
#### python.buildEnv function
|
||
|
||
Python environments can be created using the low-level `pkgs.buildEnv` function.
|
||
This example shows how to create an environment that has the Pyramid Web Framework.
|
||
Saving the following as `default.nix`
|
||
```nix
|
||
with import <nixpkgs> {};
|
||
|
||
python.buildEnv.override {
|
||
extraLibs = [ pkgs.pythonPackages.pyramid ];
|
||
ignoreCollisions = true;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
and running `nix-build` will create
|
||
```
|
||
/nix/store/cf1xhjwzmdki7fasgr4kz6di72ykicl5-python-2.7.8-env
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
with wrapped binaries in `bin/`.
|
||
|
||
You can also use the `env` attribute to create local environments with needed
|
||
packages installed. This is somewhat comparable to `virtualenv`. For example,
|
||
running `nix-shell` with the following `shell.nix`
|
||
```nix
|
||
with import <nixpkgs> {};
|
||
|
||
(python3.buildEnv.override {
|
||
extraLibs = with python3Packages; [ numpy requests ];
|
||
}).env
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
will drop you into a shell where Python will have the
|
||
specified packages in its path.
|
||
|
||
|
||
##### `python.buildEnv` arguments
|
||
|
||
* `extraLibs`: List of packages installed inside the environment.
|
||
* `postBuild`: Shell command executed after the build of environment.
|
||
* `ignoreCollisions`: Ignore file collisions inside the environment (default is `false`).
|
||
|
||
#### python.withPackages function
|
||
|
||
The `python.withPackages` function provides a simpler interface to the `python.buildEnv` functionality.
|
||
It takes a function as an argument that is passed the set of python packages and returns the list
|
||
of the packages to be included in the environment. Using the `withPackages` function, the previous
|
||
example for the Pyramid Web Framework environment can be written like this:
|
||
```nix
|
||
with import <nixpkgs> {};
|
||
|
||
python.withPackages (ps: [ps.pyramid])
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
`withPackages` passes the correct package set for the specific interpreter version as an
|
||
argument to the function. In the above example, `ps` equals `pythonPackages`.
|
||
But you can also easily switch to using python3:
|
||
```nix
|
||
with import <nixpkgs> {};
|
||
|
||
python3.withPackages (ps: [ps.pyramid])
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Now, `ps` is set to `python3Packages`, matching the version of the interpreter.
|
||
|
||
As `python.withPackages` simply uses `python.buildEnv` under the hood, it also supports the `env`
|
||
attribute. The `shell.nix` file from the previous section can thus be also written like this:
|
||
```nix
|
||
with import <nixpkgs> {};
|
||
|
||
(python36.withPackages (ps: [ps.numpy ps.requests])).env
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
In contrast to `python.buildEnv`, `python.withPackages` does not support the more advanced options
|
||
such as `ignoreCollisions = true` or `postBuild`. If you need them, you have to use `python.buildEnv`.
|
||
|
||
Python 2 namespace packages may provide `__init__.py` that collide. In that case `python.buildEnv`
|
||
should be used with `ignoreCollisions = true`.
|
||
|
||
### Development mode
|
||
|
||
Development or editable mode is supported. To develop Python packages
|
||
`buildPythonPackage` has additional logic inside `shellPhase` to run `pip
|
||
install -e . --prefix $TMPDIR/`for the package.
|
||
|
||
Warning: `shellPhase` is executed only if `setup.py` exists.
|
||
|
||
Given a `default.nix`:
|
||
```nix
|
||
with import <nixpkgs> {};
|
||
|
||
buildPythonPackage { name = "myproject";
|
||
|
||
buildInputs = with pkgs.pythonPackages; [ pyramid ];
|
||
|
||
src = ./.; }
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Running `nix-shell` with no arguments should give you
|
||
the environment in which the package would be built with
|
||
`nix-build`.
|
||
|
||
Shortcut to setup environments with C headers/libraries and python packages:
|
||
```shell
|
||
nix-shell -p pythonPackages.pyramid zlib libjpeg git
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Note: There is a boolean value `lib.inNixShell` set to `true` if nix-shell is invoked.
|
||
|
||
### Tools
|
||
|
||
Packages inside nixpkgs are written by hand. However many tools exist in
|
||
community to help save time. No tool is preferred at the moment.
|
||
|
||
- [python2nix](https://github.com/proger/python2nix) by Vladimir Kirillov
|
||
- [pypi2nix](https://github.com/garbas/pypi2nix) by Rok Garbas
|
||
- [pypi2nix](https://github.com/offlinehacker/pypi2nix) by Jaka Hudoklin
|
||
|
||
### Deterministic builds
|
||
|
||
Python 2.7, 3.5 and 3.6 are now built deterministically and 3.4 mostly.
|
||
Minor modifications had to be made to the interpreters in order to generate
|
||
deterministic bytecode. This has security implications and is relevant for
|
||
those using Python in a `nix-shell`.
|
||
|
||
When the environment variable `DETERMINISTIC_BUILD` is set, all bytecode will have timestamp 1.
|
||
The `buildPythonPackage` function sets `DETERMINISTIC_BUILD=1` and
|
||
[PYTHONHASHSEED=0](https://docs.python.org/3.5/using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONHASHSEED).
|
||
Both are also exported in `nix-shell`.
|
||
|
||
|
||
### Automatic tests
|
||
|
||
It is recommended to test packages as part of the build process.
|
||
Source distributions (`sdist`) often include test files, but not always.
|
||
|
||
By default the command `python setup.py test` is run as part of the
|
||
`checkPhase`, but often it is necessary to pass a custom `checkPhase`. An
|
||
example of such a situation is when `py.test` is used.
|
||
|
||
#### Common issues
|
||
|
||
- Non-working tests can often be deselected. By default `buildPythonPackage` runs `python setup.py test`.
|
||
Most python modules follows the standard test protocol where the pytest runner can be used instead.
|
||
`py.test` supports a `-k` parameter to ignore test methods or classes:
|
||
|
||
```nix
|
||
buildPythonPackage {
|
||
# ...
|
||
# assumes the tests are located in tests
|
||
checkInputs = [ pytest ];
|
||
checkPhase = ''
|
||
py.test -k 'not function_name and not other_function' tests
|
||
'';
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
- Unicode issues can typically be fixed by including `glibcLocales` in `buildInputs` and exporting `LC_ALL=en_US.utf-8`.
|
||
- Tests that attempt to access `$HOME` can be fixed by using the following work-around before running tests (e.g. `preCheck`): `export HOME=$(mktemp -d)`
|
||
|
||
## FAQ
|
||
|
||
### How to solve circular dependencies?
|
||
|
||
Consider the packages `A` and `B` that depend on each other. When packaging `B`,
|
||
a solution is to override package `A` not to depend on `B` as an input. The same
|
||
should also be done when packaging `A`.
|
||
|
||
### How to override a Python package?
|
||
|
||
We can override the interpreter and pass `packageOverrides`.
|
||
In the following example we rename the `pandas` package and build it.
|
||
```nix
|
||
with import <nixpkgs> {};
|
||
|
||
(let
|
||
python = let
|
||
packageOverrides = self: super: {
|
||
pandas = super.pandas.overridePythonAttrs(old: {name="foo";});
|
||
};
|
||
in pkgs.python35.override {inherit packageOverrides;};
|
||
|
||
in python.withPackages(ps: [ps.pandas])).env
|
||
```
|
||
Using `nix-build` on this expression will build an environment that contains the
|
||
package `pandas` but with the new name `foo`.
|
||
|
||
All packages in the package set will use the renamed package.
|
||
A typical use case is to switch to another version of a certain package.
|
||
For example, in the Nixpkgs repository we have multiple versions of `django` and `scipy`.
|
||
In the following example we use a different version of `scipy` and create an environment that uses it.
|
||
All packages in the Python package set will now use the updated `scipy` version.
|
||
|
||
```nix
|
||
with import <nixpkgs> {};
|
||
|
||
( let
|
||
packageOverrides = self: super: {
|
||
scipy = super.scipy_0_17;
|
||
};
|
||
in (pkgs.python35.override {inherit packageOverrides;}).withPackages (ps: [ps.blaze])
|
||
).env
|
||
```
|
||
The requested package `blaze` depends on `pandas` which itself depends on `scipy`.
|
||
|
||
If you want the whole of Nixpkgs to use your modifications, then you can use `overlays`
|
||
as explained in this manual. In the following example we build a `inkscape` using a different version of `numpy`.
|
||
```nix
|
||
let
|
||
pkgs = import <nixpkgs> {};
|
||
newpkgs = import pkgs.path { overlays = [ (pkgsself: pkgssuper: {
|
||
python27 = let
|
||
packageOverrides = self: super: {
|
||
numpy = super.numpy_1_10;
|
||
};
|
||
in pkgssuper.python27.override {inherit packageOverrides;};
|
||
} ) ]; };
|
||
in newpkgs.inkscape
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### `python setup.py bdist_wheel` cannot create .whl
|
||
|
||
Executing `python setup.py bdist_wheel` in a `nix-shell `fails with
|
||
```
|
||
ValueError: ZIP does not support timestamps before 1980
|
||
```
|
||
This is because files are included that depend on items in the Nix store which have a timestamp of, that is, it corresponds to January the 1st, 1970 at 00:00:00. And as the error informs you, ZIP does not support that.
|
||
The command `bdist_wheel` takes into account `SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH`, and `nix-shell` sets this to 1. By setting it to a value corresponding to 1980 or later, or by unsetting it, it is possible to build wheels.
|
||
|
||
Use 1980 as timestamp:
|
||
```shell
|
||
nix-shell --run "SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=315532800 python3 setup.py bdist_wheel"
|
||
```
|
||
or the current time:
|
||
```shell
|
||
nix-shell --run "SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=$(date +%s) python3 setup.py bdist_wheel"
|
||
```
|
||
or unset:
|
||
```shell
|
||
nix-shell --run "unset SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH; python3 setup.py bdist_wheel"
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### `install_data` / `data_files` problems
|
||
|
||
If you get the following error:
|
||
```
|
||
could not create '/nix/store/6l1bvljpy8gazlsw2aw9skwwp4pmvyxw-python-2.7.8/etc':
|
||
Permission denied
|
||
```
|
||
This is a [known bug](https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/130) in `setuptools`.
|
||
Setuptools `install_data` does not respect `--prefix`. An example of such package using the feature is `pkgs/tools/X11/xpra/default.nix`.
|
||
As workaround install it as an extra `preInstall` step:
|
||
```shell
|
||
${python.interpreter} setup.py install_data --install-dir=$out --root=$out
|
||
sed -i '/ = data\_files/d' setup.py
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Rationale of non-existent global site-packages
|
||
|
||
On most operating systems a global `site-packages` is maintained. This however
|
||
becomes problematic if you want to run multiple Python versions or have multiple
|
||
versions of certain libraries for your projects. Generally, you would solve such
|
||
issues by creating virtual environments using `virtualenv`.
|
||
|
||
On Nix each package has an isolated dependency tree which, in the case of
|
||
Python, guarantees the right versions of the interpreter and libraries or
|
||
packages are available. There is therefore no need to maintain a global `site-packages`.
|
||
|
||
If you want to create a Python environment for development, then the recommended
|
||
method is to use `nix-shell`, either with or without the `python.buildEnv`
|
||
function.
|
||
|
||
### How to consume python modules using pip in a virtualenv like I am used to on other Operating Systems ?
|
||
|
||
This is an example of a `default.nix` for a `nix-shell`, which allows to consume a `virtualenv` environment,
|
||
and install python modules through `pip` the traditional way.
|
||
|
||
Create this `default.nix` file, together with a `requirements.txt` and simply execute `nix-shell`.
|
||
|
||
```nix
|
||
with import <nixpkgs> {};
|
||
with pkgs.python27Packages;
|
||
|
||
stdenv.mkDerivation {
|
||
name = "impurePythonEnv";
|
||
buildInputs = [
|
||
# these packages are required for virtualenv and pip to work:
|
||
#
|
||
python27Full
|
||
python27Packages.virtualenv
|
||
python27Packages.pip
|
||
# the following packages are related to the dependencies of your python
|
||
# project.
|
||
# In this particular example the python modules listed in the
|
||
# requirements.tx require the following packages to be installed locally
|
||
# in order to compile any binary extensions they may require.
|
||
#
|
||
taglib
|
||
openssl
|
||
git
|
||
libxml2
|
||
libxslt
|
||
libzip
|
||
stdenv
|
||
zlib ];
|
||
src = null;
|
||
shellHook = ''
|
||
# set SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH so that we can use python wheels
|
||
SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=$(date +%s)
|
||
virtualenv --no-setuptools venv
|
||
export PATH=$PWD/venv/bin:$PATH
|
||
pip install -r requirements.txt
|
||
'';
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Note that the `pip install` is an imperative action. So every time `nix-shell`
|
||
is executed it will attempt to download the python modules listed in
|
||
requirements.txt. However these will be cached locally within the `virtualenv`
|
||
folder and not downloaded again.
|
||
|
||
### How to override a Python package from `configuration.nix`?
|
||
|
||
If you need to change a package's attribute(s) from `configuration.nix` you could do:
|
||
|
||
```nix
|
||
nixpkgs.config.packageOverrides = superP: {
|
||
pythonPackages = superP.pythonPackages.override {
|
||
overrides = self: super: {
|
||
bepasty-server = super.bepasty-server.overrideAttrs ( oldAttrs: {
|
||
src = pkgs.fetchgit {
|
||
url = "https://github.com/bepasty/bepasty-server";
|
||
sha256 = "9ziqshmsf0rjvdhhca55sm0x8jz76fsf2q4rwh4m6lpcf8wr0nps";
|
||
rev = "e2516e8cf4f2afb5185337073607eb9e84a61d2d";
|
||
};
|
||
});
|
||
};
|
||
};
|
||
};
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
If you are using the `bepasty-server` package somewhere, for example in `systemPackages` or indirectly from `services.bepasty`, then a `nixos-rebuild switch` will rebuild the system but with the `bepasty-server` package using a different `src` attribute. This way one can modify `python` based software/libraries easily. Using `self` and `super` one can also alter dependencies (`buildInputs`) between the old state (`self`) and new state (`super`).
|
||
|
||
### How to override a Python package using overlays?
|
||
|
||
To alter a python package using overlays, you would use the following approach:
|
||
|
||
```nix
|
||
self: super:
|
||
rec {
|
||
python = super.python.override {
|
||
packageOverrides = python-self: python-super: {
|
||
bepasty-server = python-super.bepasty-server.overrideAttrs ( oldAttrs: {
|
||
src = self.pkgs.fetchgit {
|
||
url = "https://github.com/bepasty/bepasty-server";
|
||
sha256 = "9ziqshmsf0rjvdhhca55sm0x8jz76fsf2q4rwh4m6lpcf8wr0nps";
|
||
rev = "e2516e8cf4f2afb5185337073607eb9e84a61d2d";
|
||
};
|
||
});
|
||
};
|
||
};
|
||
pythonPackages = python.pkgs;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## Contributing
|
||
|
||
### Contributing guidelines
|
||
|
||
Following rules are desired to be respected:
|
||
|
||
* Python libraries are called from `python-packages.nix` and packaged with `buildPythonPackage`. The expression of a library should be in `pkgs/development/python-modules/<name>/default.nix`. Libraries in `pkgs/top-level/python-packages.nix` are sorted quasi-alphabetically to avoid merge conflicts.
|
||
* Python applications live outside of `python-packages.nix` and are packaged with `buildPythonApplication`.
|
||
* Make sure libraries build for all Python interpreters.
|
||
* By default we enable tests. Make sure the tests are found and, in the case of libraries, are passing for all interpreters. If certain tests fail they can be disabled individually. Try to avoid disabling the tests altogether. In any case, when you disable tests, leave a comment explaining why.
|
||
* Commit names of Python libraries should reflect that they are Python libraries, so write for example `pythonPackages.numpy: 1.11 -> 1.12`.
|
||
|